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Industrial wastewater refers to a wide variety of wastewater sources, i.e. chemical industry, petro-chemical industry, food processing industry, iron and steel industry, mines and quarries. Emerging substances and specific (possible toxic or inhibitory) chemicals make industrial wastewater treatment a challenge to continuously meet the required discharge limits. Modeling is a powerful tool for optimizing wastewater processes. Once implemented and calibrated, a model offers many advantages such as saving significant costs by predicting the outcome of operational changes, as well as by performing an energy cost analysis. The benefits of using models are:
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